Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (1630–1680) was a legendary warrior and founder of the Maratha Empire. He is widely respected for his military strategies, governance, and resistance against the Mughals. However, no historical figure is without controversy. Here are some lesser-known and debated aspects of his life:
1. Betrayal of Afzal Khan
Shivaji lured Afzal Khan, a general of the Bijapur Sultanate, into a meeting under the pretense of peace talks. When Afzal Khan attempted to attack him, Shivaji used a concealed bagh nakh (tiger claw weapon) to kill him. Some see this as a clever survival tactic, while others view it as a betrayal.
2. Raids and Looting
Shivaji’s guerrilla warfare involved attacking rich Mughal and Bijapur territories, including cities like Surat (1664, 1670). His forces looted immense wealth, though he often spared temples and women. Some critics argue that his raids were more about financial gain than resistance.
3. Strained Relations with Rajputs
Though Shivaji is often seen as a Hindu protector, he had conflicts with Raja Jai Singh of Amer, a Rajput general under Aurangzeb. He surrendered to the Mughals in 1666 and agreed to serve them temporarily before escaping from Agra.
4. Forced Religious Conversions?
While Shivaji is known for respecting different religions, some sources claim he forcibly converted a few Muslim soldiers to Hinduism, particularly after capturing enemy territories. However, this is debated among historians.
5. Treatment of Rival Hindu Kings
Shivaji fought against not only Mughals and Bijapur but also other Hindu rulers like the Shirkes, Morey clan, and some Rajputs. His battles were often ruthless, and he executed rival Hindu chieftains who opposed his rule.
6. Conflict with his own son, Sambhaji
Shivaji had serious disagreements with his eldest son, Sambhaji Maharaj. Some sources suggest that he even imprisoned Sambhaji for indiscipline and rebellious behavior. Later, Sambhaji would succeed him and continue fighting against the Mughals.
7. Political Alliances with Muslim States
Despite his reputation as a Hindu warrior, Shivaji formed alliances with Muslim rulers when it suited him. He took help from the Qutb Shahi rulers of Golconda and had Muslim officers in his army.
Legacy & Historical Perspective
While some of these aspects may seem controversial, they were strategic decisions in a brutal era of power struggles. Shivaji remains one of India’s most admired rulers for his leadership, military genius, and establishment of Swarajya (self-rule).